Analysis On Economic Stability Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Analysis On Economic Stability. Answer: Presentation The paper directs an examination on monetary strength. Microeconomic steadiness infers strength in a solitary market though macroeconomic security implies dependability in some significant pointers. A steady economy is characterized as one that figures out how to limit helplessness from outer stuns. In a solitary market, value fills in as an imperceptible hand to look after security. Australia is one of the created countries depending available based choice. Current strength of the Australian economy is prime worry of this paper. Gross domestic product and value level patterns and comparing government strategies identified with strength are talked about. Steadiness Analysis The above figure clarifies steadiness change component with the powers of interest and flexibly. Point E characterizes the standard balance position acquired from winning interest and gracefully condition (Kreindler Young, 2013). Point E involves P* as balance cost and Q* as harmony amount. Any deviation from E, in the event that rings back balance once more, at that point E is characterized as a steady balance. Consider the deviation of cost from the harmony cost. Lets consider cost increments from P0 to P1. At this value, providers in the market flexibly a bigger amount, QS1. The purchasers then again request a less amount, QD1. At value P1 the market will have an overabundance gracefully. To coordinate gracefully with request cost must be diminished to harmony level. Presently assume value diminishes to P2. Lower cost urge purchasers to request more, request ascends to QD2, Supply will diminish at the lower cost and become QS2. At value P2, there exists an abundance request. Here, cost will increment to achieve the balance level (Boland, 2014). In this manner, cost is the principle change component for reestablishing soundness. Intercession of the Government Government is a focal power that makes appropriate strides at whatever point the economy is in danger. Dependability for the general economy can't be kept up as effectively as depicted previously. Total interest replaces the individual interest bend and total flexibly replaces singular gracefully in macroeconomic investigation (Ball, Sadka Tseng, 2016). Total flexibly and total interest together decides yield and value level. Be that as it may, the economy doesn't generally stay stable independently. At that point government intercedes in the market utilizing financial and fiscal approach instrument. Financial arrangement instruments are tax assessment and government consumptions. Cash gracefully is the main apparatus utilized under fiscal strategy. Both are request sided arrangements and works through its countercyclical impact on total interest (Corsetti et al., 2013) Australian Economy: Stability Scenario: The economy of Australia can be named the free enterprise economy. The legislature of Australia assumes a job of administrator instead of going about as the controller. The monetary choice of the Australia isn't dependent on the incorporated strategy for arranging rather it is increasingly dependent on the interest and flexibly considers present the market (Rader, 2014). The providers frequently take the evaluating choice that shapes the establishments of value elements in the local and abroad market. In spite of the fact that a definitive intention is to boost benefit anyway consumer loyalty additionally shapes a significant measure. The Australian economy security can evaluated with the assistance of insights got from the GDP in the ongoing years. The above characterized measurable figure speaks to that the Australian GDP development rate over the range of six years has stayed steady. Disregarding the various varieties, the varieties in GDP doesn't speaks to an enormous decay with the Australian GDP has been on progressive increment from 853.76 billion USD in the financial year 2006 to 1204.62 billion USD for the year 2016 (Tradingeconomics.com, 2017). The information got from the GDP development rate speaks to a to some degree better financial development in any case, following the year 2013 where Australia recorded a most noteworthy GDP development pace of 1567.18 billion USD; the GDP of Australia has fairly not had the option to rehash that presentation. The common generally speaking value level of Australia mirrors the strength situation since varieties in the value level fundamentally adds to the deviations in balance. The common pace of expansion mirrors the changing parts of value levels of a country. As obvious from the above expressed figure, it tends to be determined that the swelling pace of Australia, like GDP, is comprehended to be consistent and sensible. Disregarding the infrequent varieties, there has not been any cases of critical vacillations in swellings. Strategy Framework: On the occasion of financial changes each country utilizes various instruments so as to balance out the economy, they are in particular; Programmed Stabilizer: A programmed stabilizer utilizes the duty and consumption structure of the administration. The strategy speaks to a counter cyclic method of impacting the total interest in an economy without making an effect on the treasuries of the administration (McLean, 2012). With the assistance of this device, changes in spending plan is made by transforming the shortage into excess. Programmed stabilizer apparatus additionally utilizes the assessment structure CGT and GST in its framework to settle the monetary conditions. Auxiliary Stabilizer: Structural Stabilizer contains the presenting the adjustments in the budgetary circumstances alongside the adjustments in the structure of duty, presenting new structures of tax assessment and costs having sway on the total interest in an economy (Rios et al., 2013). Auxiliary settling strategies are attempted on the occasion of extreme monetary changes, when programmed stabilizer neglects to present balance in economy. End: To finish up with, it tends to be expressed that the steadiness balance is achieved when an economy comes back to the ordinary balance level. As to the above characterized ideas an attestation can be advanced by expressing that Australian economy is dependent on showcase elements to accomplish security. At present, Australian economy can be delegated the steady unique harmony economy. On the occasion of varieties, the administrations solid monetary arrangements and instruments of administrative system can reestablish the soundness of the economy. References Australia GDP | 1960-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast | News. (2017).Tradingeconomics.com. Recovered 22 September 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/gross domestic product Ball, R., Sadka, G., Tseng, A. (2016). Total Supply and Demand Shocks and Asset Prices. Boland, L. A. (2014).Methodology for a NewMicroeconomics (Routledge Revivals): The Critical Foundations. Routledge. Corsetti, G., Kuester, K., Meier, A., Mller, G. J. (2013). Sovereign hazard, monetary arrangement, and macroeconomic stability.The Economic Journal,123(566). Kreindler, G. E., Young, H. P. (2013). Quick union in developmental harmony selection.Games and Economic Behavior,80, 39-67. McLean, I. W. (2012).Why Australia thrived: The moving wellsprings of financial development. Princeton University Press. Rader, T. (2014).Theory of microeconomics. Scholastic Press. Rios, M. C., McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L. (2013). Financial matters: Principles, issues, and approaches. McGraw-Hill.

Sannu’s Story Free Essays

Unit 8. Contextual investigation 1. Sannu’s Story Sannu has contracted Leprosy. We will compose a custom paper test on Sannu’s Story or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now As a multi year old adolescent, it is difficult to stick moment that he was contaminated since Leprosy has a long brooding period. As a little kid voyaging shoeless along trails in his town, Sannu’s body has just adjusted to his day to day environments. Sannu’s feet are extreme and calloused. As Sannu ages, so does his Leprosy disease progress. The contamination will cause neuropathy in his furthest points which will prompt numerous wounds to his feet and hands. The injuries obtained will be contaminated for a considerable length of time or even a very long time without treatment. The neuropathy brought about by the Leprosy disease is portrayed by creating a reduction in uproar in the furthest points, muscle shortcoming, and deadness. Sannu’s feet that have been toughened by his condition and way of life have been additionally harmed because of absence of sensation and clinical treatment. While trying to keep his feet clean to helper the recuperating of his diseases, Sannu is more than likely keeping up an inactive way of life. This way of life alongside the movement of the Leprosy contamination will debilitate Sannu’s muscles. An element normal to all types of Leprosy is nerve disease. Nerve harm seems to result from the augmentation of bacilli inside Schwann cells and harm to the perineurium. The greater part of the distortions happening from Leprosy are in reality because of injury or an optional contamination. In a Leprosy contamination one of the primary manifestations are sedation to warmth and cold. Sickness influences the fringe sensory system by assaulting the myelin sheath encompassing the axons which influences the unwavering quality and speed of nerve driving forces. As it were, the nerve strands are did not protect anymore and nerve driving forces can't be directed effectively. There are various kinds of tangible receptors situated all through the body and are planned dependent on a specific upgrade reaction. The fitting open field is animated inside a tangible receptor delivering a reaction. In Sannu’s condition this activity is postponed or missing because of the harm of his free nerve endings. Free nerve endings identify torment, temperature, and contact just as tickle and tingle. Sannu’s exemplified nerve endings are likewise harmed. Typified nerve endings distinguish weight, vibration, and contact sensations. When Dianna played out the tests to check Sannu’s Achilles ligament and Babinski’s reflex, she was assessing his physical faculties. Substantial faculties include sensations, for example, contact, weight, and agony just as temperature recognition. These are completely influenced in Leprosy contamination. In Sannu’s case he has additionally lost the vibes of touch, weight, and agony in his feet and hands because of the effects of uncleanliness on his nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, and exteroceptors. These sensations are additionally present in the tactile receptors free nerve endings and embodied nerve endings. Sannu’s interoceptors would not be influenced in a Leprosy contamination since interoceptors relate to the body’s inside condition. Mycobacterium leprae develop best in moderately cool territories of the body, for example, the skin, fringe nerves, the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract just as the office of the eye and in serious untreated cases the testicles and in the long run other essential organs. Infection influences the exteroceptors of the outer surface of the body. Nociceptors are the receptors of torment and are situated in all tissues of the body with a special case of the cerebrum. Proprioceptors do no adjust without a doubt, this is the reason Sannu still feels torment in his leg that has been severed. Sannu’s torment is moderate agony. Slow torment is alluding to torment that is constant, consuming, hurting, or pounding. The fringe receptors actuated during an upgrade are the nociceptors. Like different cutaneous and subcutaneous receptors, Nociceptors transduce an assortment of boosts into receptor possibilities. Likewise, as other physical tangible receptors, Nociceptors emerge from cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia that send one axonal procedure to the outskirts and the other into the spinal string or cerebrum stem. Fringe Nociceptors end at the site of free nerve endings. Nociceptors are situated in the whole body with the exception of the cerebrum. The loss of myelination makes motivations fizzle. Without the myelin sheath the motivations are increasingly slow. Sannu had little sensation to his furthest points due to the procedure identified with his Leprosy disease. Apparition appendage torment is a consequence of neuroplasticity (new neural connections can be made), or the cerebrum district that used to be liable for controlling the excised appendage is taken over by a nearby region of the mind. The ghost appendage torment is upgraded by alluded sensations, with the goal that improvements applied to other body parts can be detected from the apparition appendage. In patients with Leprosy, ghost appendage torment won't happen with just the removal of fingers, toes, hands, or feet. Apparition appendages and ghost appendage agony will possibly happen when the removal is taken up to the stump of that appendage. The portrayal of Sannu’s excised leg on the somatosensory guide will include alluded sensations as a result of remapping of somatosensory territories in the cerebrum. The action of the somatosensory guide in the cerebrum prompts cognizant experience of self-perception and physical sensations. After Sannu’s removal it is feasible for him to at first experience a few consequences for his parity and harmony. This is on the grounds that after removal Sannu may even now have befuddled faculties of his missing leg. With the presentation of a prosthesis, Sannu’s mind will interface with the prosthetic gadget making his cerebrum recollect how to work as though the first leg were still there. The underlying tactile misfortune that Sannu experienced was because of obstruction of the tangible pathway transmission. Disease influences the skin and fringe nerves which are nearest to the outside of the body where the tangible receptors are found. Disease contamination is brought about by mycobacterium leprae and mycobacterium lepromatosis. The two structures influence the fringe sensory system by assaulting the Schwann cells, crushing the myelin. At the site of the Schwann cell, the microorganisms increase and cause harm of the nerve design and cause optional aggravation. This infection procedure brings about desensitizing tactile receptors. This is the reason when Sannu cut his foot, he didn't feel the agony, nor the disease that followed. Because of his area in a remote town and absence of clinical consideration, his disease brought about a removal. The receptors that ought to have detected the underlying injury to Sannu’s foot are the exteroceptors. Exteroceptors are answerable for reacting to upgrade from outside the body, for example, contact, weight, torment, and temperature. After Sannu’s removal he started encountering apparition appendage sensations. This is considered as a type of neuropathic torment. It is dared to be a reaction by the fringe sensory system and the focal sensory system of a physical issue. The way toward revamping happens from held nerves from the cut away appendage, spinal string, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. After a removal the zone of the cerebrum that is liable for preparing the sensations from the missing appendage are taken over by regions that neighbored the missing appendage. It is accepted that around 95% of individuals are normally resistant to Leprosy. Late research recommends that there is a deformity in cell-interceded insusceptibility that makes weakness Leprosy. The region of DNA liable for that variable is additionally found in Parkinson’s sickness. It is theorized the two issue are connected by one way or another at the biochemical level. Research has demonstrated that powerlessness to the ailment was connected to district q25 on the long arm of chromosome 6. Further investigation demonstrated that the Leprosy helplessness quality exists in a district shared by two qualities for Parkinson’s malady. Assets The Merk Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy â€Å"Infectious Diseases brought about by Mycobacteria† 2004 International Journal of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases â€Å"Linkage of Leprosy Susceptibility to Parkinson’s Disease Genes† June 2004 www. who. ch/program infolep@antenna. nl www. reference book. com www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/15372437 en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/proprioception rarediseases. about. com. lepercolonies. thalidomide May 16 2009 pubmed. gov Muscle Nerve October 30 2004 The most effective method to refer to Sannu’s Story, Papers

Life and work in Merthyr Tydfil in the nineteenth century

The development of industry in Merthyr was the principle explanation behind the immense increment in populace over a hundred years from 1750 to 1851. The populace was evaluated at 400 individuals for the year 1750,this was only a gauge so we don't have a clue how dependable this is as it is only a gauge and was not an official framework. Anyway by 1801 the main enumeration was presented and this delivered an official figure for the populace in Merthyr at that point, which was 7,000 individuals. This shows a monstrous increment in populace in a little more than fifty years. The populace kept on ascending until 1851 where it arrived at forty 6,000 individuals. Source A1 The number of inhabitants in Merthyr Tydfil Year Populace 1750 400 1801 7,000 1831 30,000 1851 46,000 The zone of Merthyr was undeniably arranged for an iron works, as the mountains above were boundless wellsprings of Iron mineral, coal, limestone, firestone and fire mud. There were a few iron works in Merthyr at that point yet the ones of Mr.Crawshays were the most amazing and biggest. The laborers profit arrived at the midpoint of à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½3 per month. This secured Men, Women and Children. The greatest pay of the laborers was nine Guineas, which was à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½9.45 every month. Anyway this contrasted with Crawshay was nothing as he was winning a guard à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½36,000 per annum. These statistical data points originate from source A2 from the asset booklet. Fire up. George Capper delivered the source in a diary of a voyage through Wales. This along these lines makes the source a truly solid bit of proof as Reverend George composed it, who might have been a reliable and regarded citizen. Likewise he would have had no motivation to receive a one-sided see regarding the matter. The source is valuable to a history specialist considering the works in Merthyr as it gives data in regards to the size of the works and pay structures of the processing plant. Transport had a significant influence in the development of Merthyr as a mechanical town. In 1790 plans were advanced to develop a waterway, which would go from Merthyr to Cardiff. It cost à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½103,600 and took four years to construct. On its culmination in February 1794 the channel estimated 241/2 miles. The waterway permitted crude materials to be shipped at an a lot quicker rate than beforehand, it could likewise ship a bigger measure of products one after another, contrasted with the old technique for a pony and truck. Source A5(ii) shows how in ten years the utilization of the waterway went from 83,729 tons of coal a year to 211,214 tons of coal a year. The degrees of discontent in Merthyr began to ascend toward the beginning of the nineteenth century. There were numerous variables that added to this; one of them was truck tokens that were given to laborers as installment. This caused discontent on the grounds that the tokens must be spent in the shops, which were possessed by the truck organizations. The merchandise were exceptionally valued and poor in quality, this alongside various different issues including the condition of the administration at the time in the end prompted the beginning of the uproars in Merthyr toward the beginning of the nineteenth century. Source B2 clarifies how the mob in Merthyr had arrived at such a point, that it is difficult to stop without the help of the military. It additionally clarifies what the agitators were doing during the mob, how they had obliterated truck shops, the primary one being the Morgan Lewis shop. It proceeds to state that he thought there were more than 2,000 individuals ‘doing all the devilishness they can.' G.Lyndon created the source in a letter to Samuel Homfray on the 22nd September 1800. It would have been solid on the grounds that the letter was taken from the hour of the mob, additionally source B3 is shows a painting of troops showing up in Merthyr which backs up what is said in the letter. The artistic creation is a contemporary painting by Penry Williams. Despite the fact that it is a contemporary painting it may not be a totally dependable source as the craftsman may have misrepresented the scene, it would have been progressively solid on the off chance that it had been a photograph rather than an artistic creation. This would influence the helpfulness of the source to an antiquarian examining the occasions in Merthyr. The handiness of the letter is that it would have had the option to tell students of history precisely what was happening in Merthyr at that point and how genuine the mobs really were. Toward the beginning of the nineteenth radical thoughts began to turn out to be progressively well known in Merthyr. They accepted that wide scale changes were required in Merthyr at that point. These perspectives are put across in source B4, which is a piece of an unknown paper, found close Penydarren on 27th January 1817. It discusses the wretchedness of the individuals of Merthyr and how if changes are not made soon the laborers will go rogue. Source A1 shows the development in populace in Merthyr over a hundred years from 1750 to 1831. Source C1 shows the registration of 1851 in detail. The dependability of this source is placed into question as it says that the all out populace in Merthyr in the year 1851 is 6,000, 500 and twenty eight. On the off chance that this is contrasted with source A1, where it expresses that the populace in Merthyr was really thirty thousand individuals. Subsequently there is a distinction of almost twenty 5,000 between each source. This likewise throws question over the dependability of source A1, anyway as I would like to think source I accept that source A1 would be more solid than source C1 on the grounds that source A1 underpins the way that Merthyr was blasting because of the expanding size of the ironworks at that point.

A Hill Of Fury Essays - Volcanology, Volcanic Rocks, Soufrire Hills

A Hill of Fury: Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat Island Following 400 years of calm sleep, the Soufriere Hills fountain of liquid magma on the little island of Montserrat in the Carribean Sea (Figure 1), woke up in the late spring of 1997. The ejections undermined the first 11,000 occupants of the island and even today keep on being an annoyance to the staying 4,000 individuals who will not leave the island, regardless of alerts of approaching threat. At any rate 20 individuals have just been murdered, and a few towns pulverized. The Montserrat Volcano Observatory dissects the dynamic well of lava and gives data to researchers and occupants of the island (Montserrat Volcano Observatory 12). The most exceedingly awful of the ejection might possibly have just passed. Fig.2 Pyroclastic streams arrived at the Sea and framed a delta at the mouth of a significant waterway (Discovery 1). Occupants of Montserrat face numerous potential threats because of the Soufriere Hills Volcano. A savage blend of debris, rock, and hot gases structure pyroclastic streams which travel down the lofty inclines of the spring of gushing lava at speeds which are frequently in excess of 100 miles for every hour (Skurzinsky 39). Emissions of Soufriere Hills in June, August, and December of 1997 made pyroclastic streams which impacted toward the ocean along the White River at high speeds (Figure 2). A few towns were wrecked accordingly. The capital city, Plymouth, was caught fire, and afterward shrouded in volcanic stone and debris (Figure 3). Twenty individuals were executed, notwithstanding departure endeavors and admonitions. One Hundred seventy-five homes were wrecked and the streams came quite close to the air terminal (Williams 59). The financial measure of the harm ha s not been determined in light of the fact that the annihilated towns are dreadful. Numerous individuals lost all that they had (Figure 4). A selection from the Montserrat Volcano Observatory portrays the circumstance soon after the ejection. Fig.3 The cleared capital city, Plymouth, consumed in Aug. 1997, because of the emissions (National Geographic 1). Pyroclastic streams from Soufriere Hills Volcano on Montserrat have arrived at the capital city of Plymouth. Numerous homes and organizations can be seen consuming from a few miles with smoldering heat. Firemen have been not able to stop these blazes which take steps to expend the whole city. Ashfalls happened in Iles Bay, Ole Towne, Salem, and a few different territories west of the well of lava (Montserrat Volcano Observatory 15). Fig.4 Plymouth was left covered in debris by pyroclastic streams in the late spring of 1997 (Discovery 2). Fig.5 A Montserrat inhabitant looks as the well of lava ejects and heaves cinders over her town. Since the 1997 emissions, towns close to the spring of gushing lava constantly experience hazardous debris tidying at whatever point the well of lava spits magma from underneath the world's surface. In some cases, volcanic rocks go with the debris and can be hazardous as they tumble from the sky. Debris gets all over the place; It slaughters gardens, grass fields, and makes the streets tricky and risky for movement (Figure 5). What's more, breathing the debris filled air can, after some time, add to silicosis, a lethal ailment of the lungs. The continuous seismic tremors related with the Soufriere Hills ejections additionally represent a risk to occupants. The Montserrat Volcano Observatory announced that the likelihood of future passing is one out of ten, or 10%. After the well of lava revived in 1997, a US land group was sent to Montserrat, and the Montserrat Volcano Observatory get going. So as to appropriately screen the Soufriere Hills well of lava, tiltmeters, seismometers, and gas analyzers were introduced close by. Simon Young, A British volcanologist at the Montserrat Volcano Observatory remarked on the innovation set up. There are five principle zones of observing that we attempt. The first and actually the establishment of observing is recording the seismic tremors that go on underneath the spring of gushing lava, and inside the fountain of liquid magma, which are constantly connected with volcanic ejections. We additionally have an electronic instrument that discloses to us whether the fountain of liquid magma is tilting . . . , expanding, or contracting . . . We gather tests from (the fountain of liquid magma) and . . . measure the gases (Montserrat Volcano Observatory 19). Fig.6 Soldiers assist occupants with emptying the island in Aug. 1997 notwithstanding cutting edge observing and steady counts, specialists have disseminated protective caps and gas veils to the 4,000 residual occupants. The head protectors are to shield against airborne stones flying from the fountain of liquid magma and

Glimpses Of My Messy World

Glimpses Of My Messy World I know, I know all of you are concerned with your Early Action status, and Im just sending pictures of my office. Matt and Ben are doing a far better job than I could of keeping the masses in the know about the EA process. So consider my blog, for now, to be a bit of counter-programming. Behold in Awesome Wonderment the pace from which I execute MIT Admissions Policy. Granted, its less than immaculate but hey, its home away from home. Allow me to give you the grand tour. Picture 1 gives you a great head-on shot of my desk. Its the place that I store my most important papers: If you look at picture 2, you can clearly see my filing system. Its a simple concept. If its important, its on my desk. Out of respect for my ingenious storage system, my colleagues will only leave material for me on my chair. I tell you what, after some papers with loose staples Ive learned to look before I sit: Finally, in picture 3 you can see the place that I store my prized office possessions: Top of bookcase: coffee mugs 1st shelf: oversized binders 2nd shelf: decorations, cds, and gifts from students 3rd 4th shelf: Favorite books including: Savage Inequalities, EgoTrips Big Book of Racism, EgoTrips Rap Lists, Lakota Woman, A Primer for Organizational Behavior, Technology the Dream: Reflections of the Black Experience at MIT, Pedagogy of the Oppressed Bottom shelf: junk that was left by the last occupant of this office. I guess some things never change. As a kid my mom used to yell at me to clean my room. Now its my co-workers yelling at me to clean my office. However, to my credit, there are no strange smells in my office. I cant say the same about my room as a kid. Have a great weekend! Do get some sleep and have some fun!

An Unconventional Genre Evaluating John Krakauer as a Biographer - Literature Essay Samples

Within the contents of a variety of different biographies, there are multiple similarities between the conventions that are typically used. However, there are also multiple differences between them in their features that set these works apart from one another as well. The author’s effectiveness while using these conventions correlate with the reader’s enjoyment of the book in this challengingly interesting genre too, all of which is handled exceedingly well in the biography Into the Wild, written by Jon Krakauer. While told through a somewhat disjointed yet captivating timeline, Krakauer recounts the life of Chris McCandless during his liberating journey throughout North America, spanning from Chris’ childhood to the day he is found dead in the Alaskan wilderness. Throughout the pages of his book, Krakauer conforms to typical conventions of a biography by using original sources and deviates from these conventions by including a unique structure in his chapters as well as an explanation of his own life experiences to further enhance the reader’s own experience of reading Chris’ story. First and foremost, the book conforms to typical biographical conventions by retracing Chris’ steps with original sources. For example, after interviewing Jim Gallien for information about Chris, Krakauer is able to recapitulate Gallien initially meeting â€Å"the hitchhiker [Chris McCandless] standingthumb raised high, shivering in the gray Alaska dawn† before he drove him further into the Alaskan wilderness, never to be seen alive again (Krakauer 3). For the purpose of building more credibility as the biographer, Krakauer is practically required to interview Chris’ family and the people he met on his journey to be more holistic and well-rounded in his research and writing. Furthermore, Krakauer consults the writings of Chris McCandless himself, incorporating his letters and journal entries throughout the entirety of the book. For instance, Krakauer includes the letter to Wayne Westerberg in which Chris writes about finally arriving in the Yukon Territory, procl aiming â€Å"I now walk into the wild† (3). Being the titular quote, Krakauer places it in the beginning of the first chapter, emulating Chris’ audacious tone and establishing an ominous, foreboding mood for the readers throughout the rest of the chapter and also the rest of the book. Obviously, Krakauer’s typical usage of primary sources and materials in order to gather information for this biography enriches the reader’s enjoyment as well as his own credibility as a writer. Contrary to the similarities to other biographies, Krakauer’s book deviates from typical conventions by also creating a unique structure within its pages. Most noticeably, relatively simple maps appear before various chapters begin, such as the one that is placed before chapter nine, which depicts the surrounding area of Davis Gulch around the border between Arizona and Utah (86). By including this map, readers can effortlessly visualize the content of the chapter as they are given a basic understanding of Chris’ path due to Krakauer’s unique structural convention that is not seen in most other biographies. In addition to the map on the page before, epigraphs from Chris’ letters and other writers’ works also serve as equally unique syntax in order to begin each chapter, complementing any image Krakauer aligns with it on the page before. One particular epigraph that emphasizes this is from Everett Ruess, in which he writes â€Å"as to when I shall v isit civilization, it will not be soonI have not tired of the wilderness; rather I enjoy its beauty and the vagrant life I lead† in a letter to his brother (87). This refreshing variance from the usual paragraphs seen outlining Chris’ story as well as in other books augments the reader’s piqued intrigue of the book, as it also serves to juxtapose the philosophies and endeavors of both Chris and Everett Ruess, both of which emphasized various transcendentalist beliefs approximately sixty years apart from one another. Krakauer’s intent for including this comparison is to therefore not only highlight the subject matter and message of the chapter, but to also allow readers to draw their own conclusions about Chris’ uniqueness as well as with the similarities between the different adventurers. As a result, this book’s slight dissimilarity in the genre and structure itself, being almost like a written documentary about Chris, heightens the perpetua l interest and captivation of audiences sustained throughout the text. Likewise, another deviation from usual biographical conventions is Krakauer’s apparent authorial bias as he even dedicates a couple of chapters in the book to purely discuss his own experiences. Blatantly confessing â€Å"I wont claim to be an impartial biographer† in the Author’s Note, Krakauer continues to explain how he related to Chris’ story personally, and therefore it made â€Å"a dispassionate rendering of the tragedy impossible†. By being upfront about his own bias and admiration towards the young explorer, he establishes a foundation of honesty and trust with his readers as they are made aware of his personal connection to the tale they are about to delve into. Later in the book, two chapters are chiefly devoted to Krakauer relating himself to Chris, especially when he describes how in 1977 he aspired â€Å"to climb a mountain called The Devils Thumb† just as Chris also had a certain inclination to travel through wilderness in solit ude (134). Accordingly, this unusual convention gives readers Krakauer’s authorial perception of Chris’ story, specifically projecting and almost analogizing his personal connection with Chris to their different experiences and expeditions in their respective wildernesses. Consequently, this second distinction further supplements the reader’s own perception of Chris, the book, and now even Krakauer himself; despite its unorthodox nature, it still bolsters the value of the biography explaining the author’s own perspective on Chris McCandless as well. There are numerous conventions that are used in various biographies and other books with similar genres, each with conceptually overlapping techniques as well as their own exclusively unique features. This being said, Jon Krakauer’s method of using biographical conventions in Into the Wild is no exception as it details Chris’ journey throughout all of North America. Essentially, Jon Krakauer exponentially enhances his intriguing biography of Chris by using conventions such as utilizing primary sources to gather information, formulating a unique structure within each chapter, and including his own personal experiences as he relates to Chris McCandless himself.

A Health Indicator Of Nepal Essay - 1488 Words

PUBLC HEALTH INDICATOR SNAP OF NEPAL Nepal is a relatively small (population around 26.5 million) land-locked country, bordered by the two biggest countries in the world, India and China. Its renowned physical beauty makes it very fragmented and many parts are inaccessible by modern transport and communication facilities. There are few cities and 86% of the population lives in rural areas. The country is divided into 5 development regions, 14 zones and 75 districts. Despite its richness in biodiversity, natural resources and cultural multiplicity, Nepal has still remained a developing country where more than 24 percent of the people live under the poverty line. The impact of the poverty is manifest in all other sectors like health and hygiene, education, disaster and conflict preparedness, access to and distribution of resources, gender equity, as well as respect for humanitarian values. The transitional period of developmental change in the legal, political, financial and diplomatic scenario indicate that the country n eeds more efforts in the fields of social reformation, rehabilitation and development. ________________________________________ PUBLIC HEALTH SCENARIO OF NEPAL The Government of Nepal has recognized health care, reproductive right, women right, safe environment right, as abasic fundamental right, as acknowledged in the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 (2007), and has declared that it’s the state s responsibility to ensure people s health. The vision of anShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Issues Of Nepal1312 Words   |  6 Pages Health Care Issues in Nepal (By Krishna Prasad Subedi) Summary The newly formed constitution of Nepal (2015) has recognized the health care services as basic rights of people and promised that government will provide the reproductive right, safe environmental right and free primary health care for every citizen in the country. Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) has launched a basic program to improve the health care services in Nepal. But for this plan the political vision of an inclusiveRead MoreEvaluating The Effectiveness Of Foreign Aid And The Millennium Development Goals978 Words   |  4 Pagesproject in Bangladesh and Nepal Research Question: How does Foreign Aid impact Gender Inequality in Bangladesh and Nepal? Proposal: The impact of gender inequality in Bangladesh and Nepal is often influenced by the lack of good governance in impoverished countries such as these. Without good governance, it is likely that only a fraction of that aid will go towards rebuilding the lives of survivors from a natural disaster. Natural disasters can also be a strong indicator as to how much relief a countryRead MoreMalnutrition : A Common Problem1480 Words   |  6 PagesNepal Nutrition Section, CHD, DoHS, MoHP. (2004,p.5 ). Malnutrition is a very common problem in children under five years of age in Nepal and is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality– accounting for more than half of all child deaths. The process of stunting occurs between conception and two years of age, and is an irreversible process. Furthermore, the population of Nepal, especially women and children, are affected by major micronutrient deficiencies. Malnutrition increases theRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Marriage Essay1266 Word s   |  6 Pagesone of the hardest things a teenage child could face. It is basically a violation of children’s human rights. It is strictly prohibited by international law. Early marriage takes away the girls right to make important decisions about their sexual health and well being. Historically, patriarchal societies have marginalized women in various aspects across the world. Women disenfranchisement, in this way, is not a new phenomenon. However, with the passage of time women have been able to claim theirRead MoreThe Demographic Transition Of Nepal1540 Words   |  7 PagesTransition Research paper Nepal has â…“ of the population living below the poverty line, thus, making it one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world. Nepal has an area of 147,181 square kilometres and a population of approximately 27 million (The World Factbook). Nepal is moving on to the late stage three of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) because both the crude birth rate (CBR) and the crude death rate (CDR) are decreasing. Additionally, another reason for Nepal to be in the thirdRead MoreThe Newly Formed Constitution Of Nepal Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesGood health is a form of wealth for a person, an important indicator of human well-being. The newly formed constitution of Nepal (2015) has stressed the right to healthcare as a fundamental right of the citizens. Thus, access to health care is now protected as a constitutional right for all. In Nepal, modern health services have a short history. Until the early 1960s, only a few urban hospitals and rural dispensaries were available. Since the late 1980s, thousands of health institutions have beenRead MoreThe National Health Performance Framework Reviews Quality753 Words   |  4 Pagesto both patient and health personnel. The Australian Commission for Safety and Quality in Health Care, defined quality as the level to which possible harm and unknown outcomes are reduced (AIHW 2016). The National Health Performance Framework reviews quality as a directing theory to assess how right the health system is doing to improve the health of Australians (AIHW 2016). Quality of care is the grading to which health services for people increase the chances of expected health results (Gupta etRead MoreGender Equality and Women Empowerment2012 Words   |  9 Pageseducation no later than 2015. Four indicators are used to track progress in this goal and they are: Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education; Ratio of literate women to men of 15 to 24 year olds; Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector; and Proportion of seats held by women in National Parliament .4 Nepal as a signatory to the Millennium Development Goals is striving to meet them. Let’s consider the first indicator. The first school for girls was establishedRead MoreSolutions and strategy to overcome challenges in development of India990 Words   |  4 Pagescountries in the world. According to  World Development Indicators 2011, only 16 countries outside Africa had a lower gross national income per capita. Due to the huge inequality in sharing of wealth, the growth story is not able to attain true meaning. What India needs at this hour is an inclusive growth. In a recent article by Nobel laureate Amartya Sen and fellow economist Jean Dreze, published in Outlook opined that Bangladesh and Nepal have made more rapid progress on life expectancy, infantRead MoreGlobal Business Environmental Forces5642 Words   |  23 Pagesdemographics for instance, feeble workforce in developed countries, population growth rates, and the high educational requirements are all important factors. In addition to these factors, quality of life comprising standard of living, safety, education, health care, and many of the noneconomic activities are also main factors. Furthermore, social issues can rapidly become political and even officially permitted issues.  Social forces  are often become decisive because of their impact on peoples behavior

Slaverys Global Impact and Economic Justifications,...

Slavery’s Global Impact and Economic Justifications, Today and Yesterday Slavery existed in some form in every region of the world. During the earliest civilizations, slave labor built nations and empires in Europe, Egypt, Greece, Asia and Africa. Thousands of years later, the Portuguese, Dutch and English realized the profit value that a market in human capital would provide. Africans were exported from their homeland to the New World under the most miserable conditions imaginable. Prof. Marcus Rediker, author of The Slave Ship, A Human History says, â€Å"We’re fascinated by all the tall ships except the most important one, and that’s the slave ship. And that one we can hardly bear to look at†. Slaves were packed like sardines†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In India, Hindu law dictates that a slave should not be mistreated. A slave was to be housed, clothed and fed, and, in certain cases, could be beaten, but only on their back when punished. A slave could try to escape once, and if they succeeded they could go back t o their caste. If an owner was very religious, he would treat his slaves well† (Bogucki, 2008). In reality though, the life of a slave was different from what the religion required. Often a slave’s life was filled with terror; in most cases, they were mistreated, beaten, and killed for the slightest infraction. They were forced to haul water in poor weather, carry heavy loads of goods or other supplies and were responsible for the upkeep of their owner’s homes. Some royal governments imported slaves from Greece to work as palace guards. Women and castrated males (eunuchs) were used to protect a king’s harem of concubines and some women guards would become connubial. Ewald (1992) suggests that slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic and Islamic Africa cannot be compared. The Islamic world began trading slaves a thousand years before the Atlantic slave trade. Slaves who sailed on the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean, or those who crossed the Sahara Desert ended up in Muslim societies. Rulers and owners of large tracts of land used thousands of slaves for agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, usually in dire conditions. Of the Saharan salt mines it is said that no slave lived

School Uniforms Should Be Public Schools - 968 Words

School Uniforms Parents around the globe have emphasized the controversy over school uniforms. During the school year of 2011-2012, one in every five school required students to wear school uniforms. America s first documented schools to inaugurate uniforms were in Maryland and Washington. Throughout the previous years in America, there have been numerous disputes whether school uniforms should be in public schools. In the last 30 years, public schools have often been hostilely compared to private schools. This being said some public schools decided to change their dress code policy. Recently, Kids Fashion Expert, Michelle Kouzmine, from About Style decided to probe into the debate on School Uniforms. Educators believe when students wear uniforms, they feel more professional and behave accordingly, stated Kouzmine in her article on Uniforms. Therefore, when all students are dressed in regulation uniforms, there is less focus on fashion in the classroom and more focus on learning. An opposing article was offered by Christopher Cascio from website global post, around the same time. Cascio acknowledges that school uniforms are instigated all across the U.S. and claims they are expensive and stifle student creativity. School Uniforms fail to reduce behavioral problems or create a sense of equality among students of varying socioeconomic classes Christopher Cascio tackles the same arguments that Kouzmine addresses in her argument. These next few paragraphs willShow MoreRelatedShould Uniforms Be Used in Public Schools?1150 Words   |  5 Pagestouchiest subjects of public schools would be about if they should enforce school uniforms, or should they just enforce a dress code? This subject has many different views, and plenty of good pros and cons on the matter. In our personal belief, we think that schools should only enforce dress codes, and stay away from assigning specific uniforms. Obviously everyone has their own view on this, we are going to give you some ins ight on how dress codes could do more harm on public schools than good. TeachersRead MorePublic Schools Should Adopt A School Uniform Policy889 Words   |  4 Pagesall public schools should adopt a school uniform policy, and there is a paragraph with a counter argument with school uniforms. There is a discussion on how the crime rate decreases amongst students, how uniforms save the families money, how gang related activities have decreased, and how there is less stress between students and parents. By the time you finish reading this paper, you too should agree that all public schools should adopt a school uniform policy. All Public Schools ShouldRead MoreSchool Uniforms: Should They Be Required in Public Schools? Essay925 Words   |  4 Pages Every year there is a large debate about school uniforms and whether they should be required in our public schools, or not. Some parents and school staff think that uniform policies should be enforced, as they feel it provides a sense of safety, structure, a lack of ridicule and modesty to our children. On the other hand, there are parents that argue that it takes away a child’s freedom of expression, independence, free spirit and individuality. Both parties have good and effective arguments andRead MoreShould Uniforms Be Required For Public School Students?1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe idea of uniforms being required for public school students has been a widely controversial topic in the recent past. In the 2003-2004 school year, only one in eight public schools required students to wear uniforms (ProConorg Headlines). In the 2013-2014 school year, on e in five public schools required students to wear uniforms (ProConorg Headlines). This essay will discuss the reasons that uniforms restrict the individuality of students, burdens families that cannot afford two sets of clothesRead MoreShould Public Schools Require Uniforms Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesThere are several reasons public schools should require uniforms. â€Å"School uniforms are one of several strategies being used by this nation’s public schools to restore order in the classroom and safety in the schools† (Stanley, 2). â€Å"In addition to encouraging students to concentrate on learning, rather than on what to wear, uniforms can be social equalizers that promote peer acceptances, as well as school spirit and school pride† (Stanley, 2). School uniforms make it easier for students not toRead MoreShould Public Schools Require Uniforms? Essay2356 Words   |  10 PagesWhen I was a child attending elementary school all of my friends loved the way I dressed, but there was also other children that attended school with me that seemed inferior to me simply because of how I dressed. Usually the children that praised the way I dress always wore nice clothes themselves, while the others who didn’t dress ad nice would try to pick fights or make fun of children that did dress nice. Later on in my life as I approached high school the tables turned; the teenagers who dressedRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Be Implemented Throughout K 12 Public Schools1258 Words   |  6 PagesBobby Mishra Mrs. Bezemek Apps of Comp 24 November 2014 School Uniforms According to a study done by the National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP) said that the popularity of school uniforms are clearly on the rise. Now more schools have uniforms rising from 28 percent to 49 percent in thirteen years (Tucker). School uniforms can help improve behavior leading to safer schools and safer communities. School uniforms can also lead to an increase in academic behavior leading to betterRead MoreShould Public School System Be Mandatory Uniform Policy?1869 Words   |  8 Pages School Uniforms Sarah Chaudhry SOC 1020-090 University of Utah Fall 2015 â€Æ' Abstract: Unfortunately, public school has become less about education and more about being fashion forward. As a society, there is definitely a higher tendency for people to judge a person’s entire personality solely on what and how they are dressed. The desire to have the latest trending clothes is in far greater demand than to have the highest grades. As a result many issues such as vandalism, bullying, sexual harassmentRead MoreEssay on Three Reasons Why Public Schools Should Wear Uniforms664 Words   |  3 Pagesseen here, in the USA few public schools have need of students to wear a uniform. I went to school in Mexico City and I got to wear uniform every day. It is very common there for students to be dress in uniforms. Most of the time, I think kids in this country are very spoiled and very selfish too. For them to wear an uniform to go to school it is very offensive. The reason is they think they can no longer express themselves. I agree that asking students to wear a unifor m won’t change their attitudeRead MoreOver The Past Years, Most Public School Administrators1385 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past years, most public school administrators have been engaged in the heated debate over whether public school students should put on school uniforms or not. This important argument has drawn the attention of both liberal thinkers and conservatives. From one far end, a section of the society feels that public school students school have the freedom to put on their clothing of choice while the other section feels that there should be uniformity in the public-school attire. Based on such contradicting

Autism A Long Term Mental Disorder - 1034 Words

Autism was discovered 60 years ago it has been puzzling, fascinating and massively researched. In 2001 the University of Birmingham in collaboration with the West Midlands Autistic Society and the Autism Services Accreditation Programme initiated the journal Good Autism Practice. Along with many publications by parent organizations. While it was at first thought that autism might be an early form of childhood schizophrenia, by 1979 this idea was left and deserted. Schizophrenia is a long term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the reaction between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to inaccurate perception inappropriate actions delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation. Changing the title and scope of the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder in 1979 its then editors, Eric Schopler, Michel Rutter and Stella Chess, Stressed Knner’s emphasis on developmental distortions in autism, the increasing evidence of links between autism and other developme ntal disorders, as well as the association of autism with specific medical conditions. The journal was from then and on concerned with a wider range of development issues to clarify the similarities and differences between the various distortions of the developmental process (Wolff, S. 2004). Autism is a complex development disorder that can begin at any point in childhood, from early infancy onward, and which can last throughout a person’s lifetime. The term â€Å"autism† is used to designate a group ofShow MoreRelatedAutism Is A Matter Of Passionate National Debate1197 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ In the past two decades or so, autism has changed from being a condition nobody had even heard about to widely recognized mental health condition. Due to widespread use of internet, social media and smartphones everybody knows something about autism. Just searching for autism in Google brings up more than 68 million results. Autism has become a matter of passionate national debate among different stake holders such as government, public health agencies, mental health associations, non-profit organizationsRead MoreGenetic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1556 Words   |  7 PagesAutism is a cognitive disorder that occurs in the first three years of lif e and affects many children and adults today. It is a common behaviorally defined syndrome characterized by impairments in socialization, abnormalities of verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted, stereotyped interests and behaviors. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was recently edited to more clearly define the 3 main branches of the Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). These branchesRead MoreParental Involvement And The Area Of Treatments For Autism Spectrum Disorders885 Words   |  4 Pagessituation. The involvement becomes even more critical when you consider the increasing rate at which children are being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders and the lack of funding and available services for these families and children. While some families may have access to treatments and the funds to pay for them studies are showing that it is more beneficial long term for the parents to be involved and continue the work in the home. It is also impo rtant to consider that it is the parents who knowRead More Special Education Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents. This paper will define severe disabilities, mental retardation, traumatic brain injury, autism, and deaf-blindness. In addition, this paper will address the characteristics and causes of each disability. Definition of Severe Disabilities There are many different definitions used to define the meaning of severe disabilities, a general definition for severe disabilities is any disability that significantly limits a persons physical, mental or emotional performance, and requires ongoing extensiveRead MoreAutism Spectrum1147 Words   |  5 Pagesand research pertaining to autism is very broad and includes more than just autism itself. A child with an autistic disorder is hard to identify because autism is not easily seen. Autism is more of a mental and social disorder; it doesn’t really have anything to do with a physical outlook. The autism disorder doesn’t only deal with autism; there are five other primary disorders involved with autism. When screening a child for autism, they will find out if any other disorders should be diagnosed. ScreeningRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Autism is really come along ways from where it use to be. There’s been so much research done to try and track it early and see if there’s something that can done to try and prevent it. There are celebrities with the disorder as well as some celebrity kids or their children with it. The definition of autism is a pervasive developmental disorder of children, characterized by impaired communication, excessive rigidity, and emotional detachment as defined by Dictionary.com and is a part of theRead MoreInside Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by a number of deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interaction with others, and other behaviors. Usually diagnosed in early infancy, this disorder is the most impairing and severe of the neurodevelopmental disorders. Before the publishing and release of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Autism Spectrum disorder could be diagnosedRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1575 Words   |  7 Pagessymptoms that have been associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD, the name adopted in 2013) including, repetitive movements, emotional difficulties, sensory problems, etc. The exact cause of these symptoms is a widely debated topic. In this paper, I will discuss the overall prevalent causes for Autism as well as the different variations and subgroups. People are familiar with other disorders such as Down syndrome or Trisomy 21. These types of disorders are discussed frequently because of theRead MoreThe Influence of Childhood Mental Disorders On the Quality of Public Education1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthe contemporary world to see a child with some sort of mental disorder. Fortunately, it is usually not as serious as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, but nonetheless it is a great stress for both the kid, their family and peopl e around them. According to the reports by the U. S. Surgeon General and the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2010), four million children and adolescents in this country suffer from a serious mental disorder that causes significant functional impairments at homeRead MoreDifferentiating the Diagnosis Between Autism and Aspergers Disorders1113 Words   |  5 PagesTwenty years ago, we seldom heard of the terms Autism or Aspergers Syndrome. Today the terminology seems to be as well known as the words Schizophrenia or Down Syndrome . Most of us know someone who has a relative with one of these disorders, or have a child or a relative ourselves who has been diagnosed. While the terms are recognizable, these disorders are relatively new to the ordinary citizen. The knowledge of the cause, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are even further limited. For those

The Effects Of Steroids And The Impact On Athletes

For my supporting article, I will be researching the drug abuse in sports. There are numerous aspects within this topic, some of which will be highlighted within my research. Firstly, I have chosen to write about steroids and the impact they have on athletes. I decided to choose this topic as I consider myself an athletic person and believe this is a perfect subject for me. I found a lot of my information on the topic from www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210 which has helped with my research. It is important to try and understand why athletes take steroids. Each individual will have a different reason on why they have decided to use the performance enhancing drugs. These can range from wanting to make the team itself, impressing†¦show more content†¦These specific steroids are man-made and are available legally under certain circumstances. They can be prescribed to an individual by a doctor to help treat conditions where the body produces a low amount of testosterone, body wasting in diseases such as AIDS which leads to a loss of lean muscle mass. In 2015, it was found that as many as 1,084,000 of Americans have used anabolic steroids and that 80% of them believed that the drugs could improve their athletic performance to enable them to reach their athletic goals (http://healthresearchfunding.org/20-incredible-statistics-steroid-use-professional-sports/). However, steroids cannot improve an individual’s athletic skills and agility, these are down to vari ous factors such as generics, body size, sex, age, diet and the training regime. Athletes abuse anabolic steroids as they believe it will enhance their performance and improve their physical appearance. These can be taken both orally and injected through the use of needles. Typically, steroids are taken in a method known as cycling, which means that they are taken in cycle of either weeks or months. This allows the individual to take doses of steroids over a period of time, stopping the process for a certain amount of time to again start back up. The number of players within the National Football League (NFL) that abuse steroids is unknown. However, there have been

Journal of Economics & Management Strategy - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Economics Management Strategy. Answer: Introduction The retail sector is growing rapidly in todays business world and it has become more complex with the emergence of thousands of stores, micro-suits, micro-apps and commercial networks that are covering multiple geographies(Kim, Allaway and Ellinger 2015). In order to create frequently refreshed products, the local markets have developed as a way to further accurately tailored merchandise offerings to the market demand. This report will shed light on one of the notable Australian retail company, the Myer Holdings Limited. It will focus on its external environmental factors including the political, competitive, economic and technological trends that is influencing the organization and its marketing strategies and the opportunities and threats that is there in the current market for the organization. Discussion Background of the Organization Myer is one of the famous Australian retail company that is fulfilling its consumers needs through various different retail outlets. It was founded in the year 1900 in Victoria, Australia and the founder of this company is Sidney Myer (Myer 2018). After it prospered, the second Myer store opened in the year 1908. It is serving throughout Australia since its emergence. The company is long been regarded as the largest departmental store of Australia by the store count and revenue. The main target markets of Myer are the high LSM (Living Standard Measure) groups or the high-income earners. However, the company is also planning to extend its target markets and adding to it the black middle class and the lower LSM as in the near future, they too will buy clothes and foods from the stores. It retails a large range of products, starting from mens, womens and childrens clothing; footwear; cosmetics; accessories; home wares; furniture; books; toys; travel goods; bedding; electrical and food a nd confectionaries. Theoretical Framework Marketing environment is the amalgamation of both the external and the internal forces and factors that could affect an organizations potential to establish its relationship with the customers and serve them to their best (Dawson 2014). The external environment plays a very important role in shaping up the future of an entire organization as well as that of the individual business. It comprises of the various factors that are external to the business of the organization, upon which there is a little or no control of the market. It is very essential for planning the future of the business, understanding the customers, tapping the market trends, tapping the future opportunities and understanding the competitors. A better understanding of these elements allows the marketers to develop their business to a greater extent. The relevant external environments that are to be analyzed are the micro and the macro environments. The micro environment constitutes the suppliers, market intermediari es, partners, customers, competitors, and the public (Palmer 2012). On the other hand, the macro environment constitutes the demographic, economic, physical, technological, political-legal, and the socio-cultural environment. External environmental analysis In order to analyze the external environment of the Myer, the micro environmental analysis is considered, i.e. its competitors, economic growth and stability, political trends, legal and regulatory issues, technology and the socio-cultural trends. Competitors:Competition among the companies is intense in Australia. Different firms compete for same customers with very little or no switching costs. Here, the competition is dependent on differentiation. However, the main rivalry company of Myer is the David Jones (Akbar and Ahsan 2014). Economic growth and stability:Economic factors such as high rate of unemployment and recession have a strong effect on the businesss financial performance (Fairlie 2013). The global financial crisis has also declined the condition of almost every organization. However, the Australian retail industry has maintained more stability than in other parts of the world. Political trends: The political environment of every country is related with the organizations performance and the retail companies are influenced some or the other way by the political climate. The political changes and disturbance discourages the investors and the business from entering into the market because of the risk of business failure and low rates of return. Legal and regulatory issues- Recruitment, employee management, requirements of food licensing and taxation policies are the major aspects of legal framework for the retail industry. The qualities of the food items that are available in the stores must be in accordance to the regulation of the country. In addition, opening of retail outlets must get approval from the governmental authority (Scollo, Bayly and Wakefield, 2015). Technology: The use of RFID in the company has helped it in efficient inventory management and in keeping stocks available for the customers. It has also made the use of SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) in its operations. It is seen that the consumers are not agreeable to every type of technology. Therefore, the industry needs to link its technology in accordance to the customer preference and needs. Socio-cultural trends:The consumers in modern days are increasingly wanting the retail shopping experience which includes the availability of large range of products with fair prices (Schiffman et al. 2013). There are times when the encouragements for buying the products are supplied by the family members and peer of the consumers of Myer(Christopher 2016).. In addition, the social needs are also some sense of belonging, which the consumers of Myer develop interest of buying, also, the safety need is for the reliability and the security of the customers. Summary of opportunities and threats The opportunities and threats include: Opportunities: Innovation Emerging of market and the expansion to abroad The emergence of products and services The foreign players are dominating the retail sectors. Hence, there is an opportunity for Myer to be tied up with these players. Online service Acquisitions Threats: Competition (David Jones) Economic slowdown Price war Relatively cheaper technology External changes such as taxes, politics and government Changes in consumers preferences Trouble to target every segments of the society Conclusion The above external environmental analysis of Myer has helped in identifying the major barriers in the national, economic and political sectors. The above mentioned external factors are influencing the retail market in every way and it will continue to have an impact on it in the future as well. In conclusion, it can be said that in order to maintain its current position, the company must concern its external surroundings. References: Akbar, S. and Ahsan, K., 2014. Analysis of corporate social disclosure practices of Australian retail firms.International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting,6(4), pp.375-396. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Dawson, J.A., 2014.The Marketing Environment (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 1). pp.16-18. Fairlie, R.W., 2013. Entrepreneurship, economic conditions, and the great recession.Journal of Economics Management Strategy,22(2), pp.207-231. Kim, K., Allaway, A.W. and Ellinger, A.E., 2015. Retail Assortment Size and Customer Choice Overload: The Influence of Shopping Enjoyment and Time Pressure. InMarketing Dynamism Sustainability: Things Change, Things Stay the Same(pp. 139-139). Springer, Cham. Myer. 2018. About Us. [online] Available at: https://www.myer.com.au/p/about-myer/ [Accessed 7 Jan. 2018]. Palmer, A., 2012.Introduction to marketing: theory and practice. Oxford University Press. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A. and Carlson, J., 2013.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Scollo, M., Bayly, M. and Wakefield, M., 2015. Availability of illicit tobacco in small retail outlets before and after the implementation of Australian plain packaging legislation.Tobacco control,24(e1), pp.e45-e51.

Consumer Behavior in Virgin Australia

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Behavior in Virgin Australia. Answer: Introduction The customers are the drivers to the organizations growth. They are the buyer of the services or the products offered by the organization; therefore, there satisfaction and brand loyalty is critical in assuring the profitability of the organization. The companies create different customer segments and then direct their marketing strategies towards different customer segments. Market segmentation is also essential in the product development and designing. The companies cannot create products which appeal to all thee customer segments; therefore, it is essential that the companies create different market segments and develop marketing strategies accordingly (Phillips Gully, 2013). In the present competitive market, the acquisition and the retention of the customers is essential as the competitors are implementing different strategies to increase their market share. The competitive companies try to snatch away the share of the other companies to create market dominance. It is necessary that the organization consistently focus on the satisfaction of their customers so that they remain loyal to the organization. The customer satisfaction is also necessary in increasing the brand image of the organization. At present, the companies are commonly using the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) to promote the goodwill of the company. The customers are attracted towards the organization which are socially responsible and work for the environment and society (Phillips Gully, 2013). Customer Behavior in Airline Industry The consumer behavior impacts on the purchase trends in the aviation industry. It could be examined that the consumers are concerned about the services provided and the cost of the travel in the airline industry. A large number of customers are concerned about the environmental impact of the travel (Nair, 2013). The services offered to the customers are critical in the selection of the airlines. The customers emphasizes on the boarding and the clearance time, online ticketing and the luggage capacity of the airplane in the selection of the airlines (Soomro, 2012). The service quality in the aviation industry is dependent upon booking, check-in, safety control, boarding and in-flight services to the company. The first step at which the services can be provided by the aviation industry is the booking of the tickets. It creates the impression for the later stages as well as for the organization. If the expectations of the customers are met during this stage, it creates a positive image of the organization. The airline companies can uplift the standard of the services by increasing the security, simplicity and availability of the services. The customers should be able to access the booking system through online mediums, easily book the tickets in a secured manner. The representatives of the organization should also remain available to provide services and solve the queries of the customers (Munroe, 2014). The companies have to take into consideration all the attributes and the preferences of customers to uplift the standard of service offered to the customers. Meeting the demands and the expectations of the customers can result in satisfied customers and increase the customer retention. In the check-ins of the customers, the efficiency and the helpfulness of the employees is considered as significant success factors. The ability to offer the services quickly and effectively results in efficiency of the organization. The helpfulness and efficiency of the frontline employees is important in increasing the overall satisfaction of the customers (Fojt, 2006). The safety control and the safety measure implemented by the organization are also critical in building the perception of high service quality. At this stage, the past experiences of the customers are also essential in developing the perception of customers related to the security. At the time of flight boarding, the average waiting time and the information available to the customers is essential in determining the service quality offered to the customers. In the overall service quality measurement, the services offered to the customers during the flight are the most crucial in determining the customer satisfaction with the overall services. During this time, the most significant factors in the determination of service quality are perceived knowledge, perceived trust induction, perceived helpfulness and perceived security by the customers. When a passenger boards a flight, he expects that the official personnel designated will be knowledgeable regarding the flight timings and route a nd thus inculcate a sense of security. These services are of utmost importance to the customers because if an aviation company will not provide these services, it will directly impact on the consumer perception regarding the quality and the competence of the services regarding the services. The knowledge and security is essential in delivering effective service quality to the customers in the aviation industry (Venkatesh, 2013). At present, there is intense competition among the airline companies to select the most acquire the maximum customers in the air travel. Accordingly, the airlines provide discounts, no frill offerings or excellent services to the customers. There is growing trend among the budget travellers and the business travellers to use the no frill services for short haul or domestic flights. As a result, various domestic flights have emerged which provide short haul services to the customers and offer frequent travel at cheaper costs. The services offered to the customers are also limited however; they do not create any discomfort to the people. The Virgin Group has also merged with the philosophy of offering excellent services to the customers at competitive prices. In Australia, there are a large number of domestic travelers who use no frill services to travel in major cities. These customers prefer to travel in the most cost-effective manner (Virgin Australia, 2017). Customer Segments in Airline Industry The companies in the airline industry adopt extensive strategies to segment their customers according to their willingness to pay. The primary division of the customers is according to their paying capacity. Most of the customers are given different class of seating such as economy class, business class and the first class. In the airlines industry, the customers can be segmented according to their need of travel and their purchasing power. On the basis if the customer intent, the airline travellers can be differentiated as the business travelers and the leisure travelers. The business travelers are the frequent travelers and travel six to twelve times in a year. Demographically, they can be categorized as males in the age group of 30-50. The median income of this group is higher than other travelers. These customers are connected with their families and friends with technology. They are tech-savvy people and commonly use laptops, smartphones and portable GPS. The time is of high imp ortance to business travelers and they can switch the airline due to the long waiting time. The business travelers are also highly sensitive about the services offered to them and peculiar about the facilities (Business Travel News, 2017). The leisure traveler can be characterized by their long duration of stay at foreign places. The demand of the leisure market segment has grown substantially with the increase in the purchasing power of the customers. The major different between the leisure segment and the business segment is the demographics of the leisure travels. Unlike the business travel which is dominated by men, the leisure travelers have appropriate balance between the male and female travelers. There is also difference in the age profile of these customer groups. While the business market segment is concentrated between the travelers in the age-group of 35-55, the leisure travelers comprises of travelers of all age groups. Children as well as young adults in high income group and increased propensity for travel and tourism are major customers in this segment (Papatheodorou, 2016). The Virgin Australia is the second biggest airline of Australia. The company has large customer base of the affluent business travelers. Recently, the company has become the most profitable aviation organization in Australia due to the low oil prices and high domestic airfares. The company provides high quality services to the business travelers to increase the customer retention. The satisfaction of the business travelers with Virgin Australia is 86% which is higher than other leading business organizations. The affluent business travelers are the primary target market for the organization and the company has implemented a number of strategies to exploit it. It has increased the number of domestic flights between different business destinations (Roy Morgan Research, 2013). An airline agency can distinguish itself by the product differentiation or cost leadership. In the aviation industry, the product differentiation can be achieved by providing effective services to the customers. The aviation companies can provide services at different situations to increase the customer satisfaction. The companies can also differentiate by offering low cost to the customers. At present, a large number of companies are using the cost leadership strategy to attain competitive advantage. The no frill flights are an extension of this strategy (Schermerhorn, 2010). Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty In the present competitive epoch, the companies are mostly competing upon the services offered to the customers. The focus of the companies is on providing excellent services to the customers to increase the customer loyalty. Virgin Airlines is the most common example of customer-centricity wherein the employees of the organization are focused on creating pleasant and fun experience for the customers. It uses the top-notch planes, competitive fares, excellent services and providing fun and innovative amenities to the customers. Due to the excellent services provided by the company, it is named Worlds Best Domestic Airline for the eighth year in a row. It aims to create a guest-centric travel experience in which the travel experience in every flight is enhanced through better design, technology and excellent services. The designing of the website is also conducted in such a manner so that it promotes the fun spirit and excellent services provided by the organization (Virgin Australia, 2017). The self-help section of the company is also extensive and the customers can find updates related to the bookings of hotels, vacation packages or the rental cars. The schedule of the fights and related information such as cabins, food selection is provided at the website of the organization. The website of the company is designed using the color themes of purples and reds which reflect the fun and cool image of the organization. Virgin Australia is a part of the Virgin Group headquartered in the UK. It is a small company with high presence in the UK and Australian market. Therefore, it is a limited digital marketing budget in comparison to other airlines. The company has to conduct its marketing in its limited budget. Moreover, it is a budget airline and the customers of the airlines travel only once or twice in a year. Therefore, it is important that the company implements effective marketing strategy to establish long-term relationships with the customers. The employees are also ef fective in creating social trends which attracts the customers towards the organization (Popick, 2017). Conclusion The customers are the buyers of the services or the product and play a vital role in the product development and the development of the marketing strategies. The market of the aviation industry can be differentiated in business travelers and the leisure travelers. The business travelers are in the age group 30-50 and comprises of mostly males. The travelers are concerned about their time and budget. They want excellent services at the cheapest prices. On the other hand, the leisure travelers are the people who travel less often by flights. This customer target group includes the people in different age and gender. The most lucrative customer segment of the company is the affluent business travelers who are willing to pay higher prices for excellent services. The company has implemented different strategies to address the needs of this customer segment. It includes providing excellent services at the time of boarding or in-flight. The company also promotes free and casual spirit. The website of the company is also flexible and user friendly which shows the commitment and the customer-centricity of the organization. References Busines Travel News. (2017). Understanding Your Travel Population. Retrieved from 5 April 2017 from https://www.businesstravelnews.com/uploadedFiles/White_Papers/BTN_Concur_0412_FINAL.pdf Fojt, M. (2006). The Airline Industry. Emerald Group Publishing. Munroe, C. (2014). Challenging in Delivering Quality Services: Balancing Customer Expectations and Perceptions in Airline Industry: Case Study: Norwegian Airline. GRIN Verlag. Nair, B. (2013). A Study On The Attitudes And Buying Behavior Of Air Travelers In Contributing To A Sustainable Environment. International Journal of Engineering and Management Studies 4(1), 11-15. Papatheodorou, A. (2016). Aviation and Tourism: Implications for Leisure Travel. Routledge. Phillips, J.M., Gully, S.M. (2013). Organizational Behavior: Tools for Success. Cengage Learning. Popick, J. (2017). How Virgin Atlantic's Marketing Nails It. Inc. Retrieved from 5 April 2017 from https://www.inc.com/janine-popick/how-virgin-atlantics-marketing-nails-it.html Roy Morgan Research. (2013). Domestic business travellers most satisfied with Virgin Australia. Roy Morgan Research. Retrieved from 5 April 2017 from https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/domestic-business-travellers-satisfied-with-virgin-201308280121 Schermerhorn, J.R. (2010). Management. John Wiley Sons. Soomro, Y.L. et al. (2012). Factors Effecting Consumer Preferences in Airline Industry. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 7(1), 63 79. Venkatesh, N. (2013). A study on changing consumer preference and satisfaction levels towards the Budget Airline, Tiger Airways and Air Asia; Competitive Prospective. International Journal of Management 1(6), 6-18. Virgin Australia. (2017). Home Page. Retrieved from 5 April 2017 from https://www.virginaustralia.com/uk/en/ Ward, C. (2015). In-flight insight: The key to customer experience at Virgin Atlantic. Retrieved from 5 April 2017 from https://www.mycustomer.com/service/channels/in-flight-insight-the-key-to-customer-experience-at-virgin-atlantic

The AP Essay Sample

The AP Essay SampleThe Academic Essay Score is one of the most important factors in the grading system of an institution. There are various rules that are there to guide the teachers and professors to determine a student's performance. The GPA, the SAT Math score, the verbal score and the paper work must be reviewed carefully before the grade is given. This is the main reason why, the SAT Math score is a very important factor in the grading system of the University and College.The essay is one of the most important factors for the students who have been admitted to the University or College. The grades of students will be determined by the answers to their essays. To solve this problem, the essay is one of the most common question papers that are available in the market today.The AP Essay Score can be used for all kinds of topics, which include research, academic essays, analytical studies, research and literature, communications etc. The test has several questions in it and this can affect the performance of the student. Most of the students who go for the tests find it difficult to solve the problems in front of their exam.The Essay Score is also used for students who are taking the matriculation exam and the AP Essay Score can also be used in order to know the suitability of the candidate. In the present scenario, many students prefer to take the essay test because they do not want to give their written test to the students of other institutions, which includes colleges and universities. The students also give the test to the parents, in order to get feedback on the suitability of the candidate for admission in the University or College.The AP Essay is the best tool that can determine the skill level of the students for admission in Universities and Colleges. The essay is usually a very critical writing task, which requires a lot of analysis, creativity and imagination. It is one of the most important tools for students, who are going to go for a post-gradua te course in the university or college. The essay provides a window into the creative side of the student and enables him to handle difficult situations effectively.The college Admission test is divided into two sections, which are the entrance examination and the final examination. The AP essays are graded according to the questions that are given in it, which means that the score that a student gets, depends on the answer given to the questions.The AP Essay Score can be used as a tool to judge the performance of the students and this helps the students to understand the nature of the College that they have entered. The test is quite tough and makes a student aware of his abilities. However, there are some points that can be considered while preparing for the test and these can be found in the essays sample that is available in the market.

This American Life Take a Negro Home

This episode consists of three parts. The prologue contains an excerpt from a newspaper article aimed at showing that racial integration is not possible. Such articles were often published by many journalists in Southern parts of the United States. In particular, they were supposed to demonstrate that the segregation of white and black people had been inevitable.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on This American Life: Take a Negro Home specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second part describes the experiences of an interracial family that later. By looking at the life of these people, one can see that racial differences do not affect the relationships between spouses. Possible difficulties can be explained by social expectations that are set for representatives of a certain race. Moreover, one should not forget about the role of prejudices and stereotypes existing in the community. In turn, the third part of thi s program is related to the life of Cedric Jennings, an African-American student who was accepted to a prestigious university. His narrative shows that African Americans have to struggle with educational inequalities and it is difficult for them to climb the social ladder. The issues examined in this episode do not impact me directly; however, I do not know some black people who are affected by the legacies of racial segregation. For instance, they can be marginalized by their peers provided that they strive to excel in their academic studies. To some degree, their experiences are similar to the difficulties faced by Cedric Jennings. This episode has produced several effects on me. First of all, I can now better appreciate the problems faced by African-American people. Moreover, I will pay more attention to various aspects of interracial integration. In my opinion, it is not possible to turn a blind eye to this problem. So, this episode changed some of my attitudes. To some degree, this episode can change the way in people perceive racial differences or address various problems that are related to this issue. In particular, this program demonstrates that despite racial distinctions, people have the same value systems, priorities, or goals. Secondly, this radio program can highlight the difficulties faced by African Americans, especially at the time when they attempt to cross the so-called color line. Thus, this episode can change the values and attitudes of many people. Apart from that, this episode can have some impact on the educational policies of the state. Certainly, the impact of a radio broadcast cannot be easily identified or measured. Yet, this episode may prompt people to think more about the legacies of racial segregation and re-evaluate many of their worldviews. This is one of the arguments that can be made.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several ways in which the society can resolve the issues discussed in this episode. First of all, it is necessary to refute the stereotypes according to which interracial integration is impossible. In many cases, such prejudices are not expressed openly, but they affect the decisions and attitudes of many individuals. For instance, many people cannot accept the idea of interracial marriage. This goal can be achieved if parents and educators highlight the need to disregard racial distinctions. One should not forget about the economic aspects of this issue. The policy-makers and legislators should focus on educational and employment opportunities. They should remember that upward social mobility is possible only when a person has necessary knowledge and skills that help him/her pursue an academic or professional career. These are the main issues that can be identified. This assessment on This American Life: Take a Negro Home was written and submitted by user Noah Castro to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The 20 Largest Cities in China

The 20 Largest Cities in China China is the worlds largest country based on population with a total of 1,330,141,295 people. It is also the worlds third largest country in terms of area as it covers 3,705,407 square miles (9,596,961 sq km). China is divided into 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, and four direct-controlled municipalities. In addition, there are over 100 cities in China that have a population greater than one million people. The Most Populous Cities in China The following is a list of the twenty most populous cities in China arranged from largest to smallest. All numbers are based on the metropolitan area population or in some cases, the sub-provincial city amount. The years of the population estimate have been included for reference. All numbers were obtained from the city pages on Wikipedia.org. Those cities with an asterisk (*) are direct-controlled municipalities. 1) Beijing: 22,000,000 (2010 estimate)* 2) Shanghai: 19,210,000 (2009 estimate)* 3) Chongqing: 14,749,200 (2009 estimate)* Note: This is the urban population for Chongqing. Some estimates state that the city has a population of 30 million - this larger number is representative of both the urban and rural population. This information was obtained from the ​Chongqing Municipal Government​. ​ 4) Tianjin: 12,281,600 (2009 estimate)* 5) Chengdu: 11,000,670 (2009 estimate) 6) Guangzhou: 10,182,000 (2008 estimate) 7) Harbin: 9,873,743 (date unknown) 8) Wuhan: 9,700,000 (2007 estimate) 9) Shenzhen: 8,912,300 (2009 estimate) 10) Xian: 8,252,000 (2000 estimate) 11) Hangzhou: 8,100,000 (2009 estimate) 12) Nanjing: 7,713,100 (2009 estimate) 13) Shenyang: 7,760,000 (2008 estimate) 14) Qingdao: 7,579,900 (2007 estimate) 15) Zhengzhou: 7,356,000 (2007 estimate) 16) Dongguan: 6,445,700 (2008 estimate) 17) Dalian: 6,170,000 (2009 estimate) 18) Jinan: 6,036,500 (2009 estimate) 19) Hefei: 4,914,300 (2009 estimate) 20) Nanchang: 4,850,000 (date unknown)

Genital Warts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genital Warts - Essay Example Being a sexually transmitted disease, the risk factors in venereal warts is directly related to the sexual lifestyle of a person. Genital warts are most prevalent in persons who practices unprotected sex with multiple sex partners. Others include "having has another sexually transmitted disease, having sex with a partner who has an unknown sexual history, and becoming sexually active at a young age (Genital Warts 2007)." Treatment of genital warts should always be undertaken by a physician with this expertise. Over the counter medications used to treat common warts are not suitable for the moist tissues in the genital area. The treatment of genital warts includes medical prescriptions and surgery. Some of the chemicals which are directly applied onto the skin are: imiquimod which boost the body's immune system to fight the warts, podofilox which destroys the genital warts' tissues, and trichloroacetic acid which burns off genital warts. Surgery is often the best option if larger warts are to be removed that they do not respond to medications or if the infected person is pregnant which exposes the baby to risk of infection during delivery.

Politics of the knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politics of the knowledge - Essay Example The two scientists strongly contest the objectivity of the contemporary knowledge and advocate new model of knowledge acquisition that encompasses feminist constructivist views and thereby delineating gender biases. Harding (1986) asserts that feminist theorists are objective in their hypotheses which are ‘free of gender loyalties’ (p. 138). At the same time, they also tend to ensure that women’s activities are fully represented within the broader scope of the social relation with the existing environment. The Marxist’s analysis of bourgeois labor becomes contentious as it ignores women’s experiences and therefore, need to be redefined to include women’s contribution to social life at all levels of interaction. Harding says that while subjectivity is inherent in the feminist epistemologies, the cultural production of gender identity necessitates greater understanding of changing social structure that ‘resists the continuation of the distorting dualities of modernism’ (p. 161). She emphasizes that feminist empiricism is pertinent as it challenges the androcentric biases. Indeed, women as enquirer considerably enhance objectivity of science. Haraway (1988) posits objectivity at the center of her arguments as male dominancy at all levels of scientific knowledge promotes biases in social constructions of not only identities but also in the social activities. She believes that feminist objectivity would help to translate knowledge across communities and power differentiated groups in a bias free manner. She says that more critical theories are required to construct meaning in order to ‘build meanings and bodies that have a chance for life’ (p. 25). The feminist objectivity highlights ‘situated knowledges’ (p. 26) that encourages paradoxical perspectives within scientific enquiry. She insists that there is no room for relativism within knowledge as it blurs the

Location Privacy in Wireless Networks

Location Privacy in Wireless Networks ARUN TEJA KANUKOLU Introduction: In the past decade we have an enormous development of different wireless technologies a lot of wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth are being implemented. With the development of wireless technologies and the convenience they provide in the aspects of space and time they are being widely used and there comes numerous security issues. A lot of work has been done in the areas of wireless network security but all of which has done only on securing the content or data that is being transferred between devices. The Location privacy has been ignored from the initial stages of development of wireless networks. If the location privacy has been ignored, the users of the wireless networks has to face serious problems. The attacker may not steal data because we use a lot of security techniques like encryption to protect the data but the user and the physical location of the user is always in danger. The attacker may take advantage of this and may threaten him physically or mentally. In order to preserve the location privacy of the user, here I propose a transactional based model in which all the send and receive operations performed from an user are not related to each other hence the location privacy is preserved. TRACKING THE USERS LOCATION: Many localization algorithms have been implemented and are in use which can be used to trace the approximate location of the user based on the packets sent and received. A users many transmissions will simply be correlated if all the transmissions come from an equivalent supply address, and therefore the aggressor will read the supply addresses from every packet. During this section, we have a tendency to demonstrate another supply of knowledge by assumptive that associate degree aggressor cannot decode a users packets, however still needs to be ready to track users around the network. For instance, a user could use sturdy coding, or the aggressor could have insufficient sophistication to create custom Hardware for packet secret writing, however will live the signal and noise levels at a spread of locations. Existing localization algorithms permit every transmission to be narrowed right down to a specific location. These individual transmissions will then be correlate using a quality model, as we have a tendency to describe below. Here I discuss some of the existing algorithms. LOCALIZATION USING RSS (received signal strength): Received signal strength is the reliable and free of cost way of tracking the user’s location. Where, PT Transmitted power calculated in dB RSS is the received signal strength in dB P(d0) is the Path loss in dBm at a distance of d0 N is the Path loss exponent There are several other ways of tracking the user location. Many of the previous researchers used the probability functions to find the location of the user. Although the exact location cannot be found using these probability models an almost approximate location can be easily found. Suppose we trace a location and there are 10 suspects, we can filter them to find the original wireless user that is being attacked. Controlling access at base stations: Since the readying of base stations has an associated price, the network operator should be stipendiary for the employment of the network. One way of achieving this results to want every licensed network node to carry a bit of secure hardware with a isosceles key shared by all network users. A network of affordable size cannot utterly believe on this mechanism to stay a determined aggressor from collaborating in the network. As a result, we have a tendency to explore techniques for confirmative that a user is a component of the network. We use blind signatures in an exceedingly manner that parallels their use in electronic cash: a legitimate user generates variety of public keys, each of that we have a tendency to decision Associate in Nursing identity. The user blinds them (so the network supplier will sign them while not seeing them), and presents them to the network supplier. The network supplier signs these keys and returns them to the user, United Nations agency unblinds them. every key signed in this manner could be a kind of certificate that proves that the identity corresponds to a legitimate user, although the actual user cannot be determined. Secured routing: In order to forestall a malicious node from disrupting routing, the ad hoc networking analysis community continues to explore secure routing protocols Any of those protocols might be slightly modied to figure inside our spec. Depending on user necessities, AN anonymous routing protocol, such as ANODR, might give additional fascinating properties. To show however wed adapt a secure routing protocol to our design, we must take into account AN on-demand routing protocol. We must allow a base station to reply to any Route Discovery; but, because there are a restricted range of base stations and their keys are easily pre-distributed, they will simply send and demonstrate RREPs. We should additionally adapt the prevailing protocols to settle on routes which will traverse  a base station; in hop-by-hop routing, one technique is to own  a node forward the packet to the nearer of the destination node or the  nearest base station, unless the packet is distributed by a base station, in  which case we tend to neer route it to a base station. once a base station receives  a packet, it forwards it to the suitable base station supported  the destinations geographical address. the bottom station with that  the destination is associated then encapsulates the packet so forwarding  nodes apprehend that the packet has already traversed the bottom  station. Periodic protocols will use constant forwarding logic. UNLINKABLE WRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: In this section I propose a transaction based model in which any send and receive functions are not co-related to each other which preserves the location privacy of the user hence our goal is accomplished. Location can only be tracked if the senders address is the same for a period of time. We create a phenomena called random silent period for a node. In that time the sender will not send any thing. The mobile node keep on changing its addresses between different transactions it performs. It can be in synchronization with the base station and mobile station. When a user starts data exchange between other node, it keep on updating the change of address for every send and receive operation and it also makes aware of the new change in address with the receiver. For this system implementation, we should make changes in everything like user registration with the base station and addressing and giving the access to the mobile users. For addressing these nodes we completely change our ip addressing scheme from ipv4 to ipv6. If we use the ipv4 addresses, they are limited in number and hence they may cause collisions. These ipv6 addresses comprised of base station addresses and a reference variable to the users identity. A legitimate user generates variety of public keys, each of that we have a tendency to decision AN identity. The user blinds them so the network supplier will sign them while not seeing them, and presents them to the network supplier. The network supplier signs these keys and returns them to the user, UN agency unblinds them. Every key signed in this method could be a certificate that proves that the identity corresponds to a legitimate user, although the actual user cant be determined. REFERENCES: http://www.comm.toronto.edu/~kostas/Publications2008/pub/proceed/133.pdf http://www.seas.ucla.edu/~wouyang/Received%20Signal%20Strength-Based%20Wireless%20Localization%20via%20Semidefinite%20Programming.pdf http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/nsl/Imote/vanderstoep_thesis.pdf http://jeroendoggen.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/ecumict2010presentation.pdf